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Related Concept Videos

Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose01:24

Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose

A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
In most cases, drugs are administered repetitively or infused continuously to maintain a steady-state concentration in the body. At a steady state,...
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Methods of Medium Optimization

Optimizing growth media enhances microbial proliferation and maximizes product yield. Statistical experimental design methodologies provide structured and reproducible approaches, offering progressively higher levels of robustness and efficiency.The One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) MethodThe One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) method involves adjusting a single variable while keeping all others constant. However, it cannot detect interactions between variables, often leading to suboptimal outcomes when...
Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches01:28

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches

Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
Biopharmaceutical Factors Influencing Drug Product Design: Overview01:22

Biopharmaceutical Factors Influencing Drug Product Design: Overview

Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though pharmacologically...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species
10:52

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

Published on: July 2, 2015

Rational polymorph design to enhance isoxaflutole herbicidal performance and enable dosage reduction.

Wenchao Yang1, Rui Yang1, Wenjing Mo1

  • 1State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China.

Pest Management Science
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new crystal form of the herbicide isoxaflutole (IFT) significantly boosts its effectiveness and reduces environmental impact. This crystal chemistry approach enhances stability and uptake, leading to lower application rates for better weed control.

Keywords:
isoxaflutolepesticidespolymorphsolubilitystabilityutilization efficiency

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species
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Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay
10:49

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

Published on: September 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Agrochemical science
  • Crystal engineering
  • Environmental chemistry

Background:

  • Improving herbicidal efficiency while minimizing environmental impact is crucial for sustainable agriculture.
  • Isoxaflutole (IFT) herbicide use is increasing, but concerns exist regarding its environmental presence and that of its metabolite diketonitrile (DKN).
  • Current strategies focus on reducing application rates, but intrinsic improvements in herbicide performance are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel crystal form of isoxaflutole (IFT) with enhanced properties.
  • To investigate the structure-property relationships governing the performance of IFT polymorphs.
  • To assess the efficacy and environmental benefits of the new IFT form.

Main Methods:

  • Rational crystal structure design guided by physicochemical and solid-state analysis.
  • Solvent-free melt crystallization process to obtain the novel polymorph (Form II).
  • Structural analysis (X-ray crystallography) and bioassays against Echinochloa crus-galli.

Main Results:

  • A new IFT polymorph, Form II, was successfully synthesized and characterized.
  • Form II exhibits superior chemical stability, aqueous solubility, and lipophilicity compared to commercial Form I.
  • Bioassays showed Form II is twice as effective in soil application and six times more effective in foliar application than Form I.

Conclusions:

  • Rational polymorph design is an effective strategy to enhance herbicide performance.
  • The developed IFT polymorph (Form II) offers improved efficacy and reduced environmental losses.
  • This approach provides an atom-economic method for sustainable agrochemical development.