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Updated: May 22, 2026

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
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A 3D-Printed Scaffolded Hydrogel Microneedle Array Biosensor for Real-Time, Continuous Monitoring.

Jean Won Kwak1, Tuan Trinh1, Alexander D White2,3

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel microneedle-array biosensor (MAB) patch for continuous biomarker monitoring. The MAB patch successfully detects stress hormone cortisol in real-time within live rats, overcoming previous limitations of hydrogel biosensors.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogel biosensors are promising for real-time biomarker tracking but lack mechanical strength for skin penetration.
  • Hydrated hydrogels struggle to access interstitial fluid (ISF) due to poor mechanical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microneedle-array biosensor (MAB) patch for continuous and reversible in vivo sensing.
  • To overcome the mechanical limitations of hydrogels for effective skin insertion and ISF access.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 3D-printed scaffold to support a hydrated hydrogel mesh functionalized with DNA aptamer switches.
  • Tuned aptamer switch design and hydrogel mesh size for detecting cortisol and adenosine triphosphate.
  • Integrated a cortisol-sensing MAB with a portable optical detector for in vivo measurements.
Keywords:
additive manufacturingaptamerhydrogelmicroneedlemolecular sensing

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful detection of exogenous cortisol and adenosine triphosphate.
  • Validated the biocompatibility and in vivo utility of the MAB patch in live rats.
  • Achieved submicromolar detection levels for cortisol in real-time ISF measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The MAB platform provides essential mechanical support for skin insertion while maintaining hydrogel sensing functionality.
  • This novel biosensor enables continuous, real-time in vivo monitoring of biomarkers like cortisol.
  • The MAB patch represents a versatile solution for advanced biosensing applications.