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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Dynamic Functional Connectivity Changes in Parkinson's Disease With and Without Depression.

Yiran Lin1,2, Yuqing Tang1,2,3, Changlian Tan1,2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Parkinson's disease depression involves altered brain network dynamics. Dynamic functional connectivity analysis revealed distinct network states, with sparse connectivity correlating with depression severity in Parkinson's patients.

Keywords:
Parkinson's diseasedepressiondynamic functional connectivityresting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms
08:36

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Depression is a frequent non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • Previous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies in PD with depression (dPD) have not fully explored dynamic brain network characteristics.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for elucidating the neuroimaging mechanisms of dPD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) patterns in individuals with Parkinson's disease and depression (dPD).
  • To compare DFC states between dPD, non-depressed PD (ndPD), and healthy controls (HC).
  • To explore the relationship between DFC states and depression severity.

Main Methods:

  • Collected rs-fMRI data from 50 dPD, 82 ndPD, and 50 HC subjects.
  • Utilized independent component analysis, sliding time windows, and k-means clustering to identify DFC states.
  • Performed intergroup comparisons and clinical correlation analyses with HAMD-17 scores.

Main Results:

  • Identified four recurrent DFC states.
  • Observed progressive changes in fractional window and dwell time for State II (increasing) and State III (decreasing) across dPD, ndPD, and HC groups.
  • State II showed strong positive connectivity, while State III exhibited mixed positive and negative connections between networks (ECN, SN/DMN, SMN/SMA).
  • The occurrence frequency and dwell time of State II negatively correlated with HAMD-17 scores.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with dPD exhibit a higher proportion of a sparse connectivity state (State II).
  • Abnormal network connectivity changes across identified DFC states are present in dPD.
  • These findings offer novel insights into the neuroimaging mechanisms underlying depression in Parkinson's disease.