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A Step Toward ESIPT-Based Mitochondrial Probe That Responds to ATP Level.

Yonghao Li¹, Dipendra Dahal¹, Yi Pang²

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.

Advanced Sensor Research

|May 21, 2026

Summary

A new fluorescent probe utilizing excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) can detect ATP in cellular mitochondria. This probe exhibits a large Stokes

Keywords:

atp sensitive cell imaging cyanine esipt mitochondria

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Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Biophysical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) probes are valuable tools in chemical sensing.
Developing probes with large Stokes' shifts and specific cellular targeting is crucial for biological imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel ESIPT probe with a benzoindolium terminal group.
To investigate the probe's fluorescence properties and its potential for detecting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in biological cells.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of the benzoindolium-based ESIPT probe.
Spectroscopic analysis including fluorescence emission and quantum yield measurements.
Cellular staining and imaging experiments to assess probe localization and response to ATP levels.

Main Results:

The synthesized probe exhibits a large Stokes' shift (Δλ≈ 250 nm) and a good fluorescence quantum yield (φfl≈0.2).
The probe shows a minor equilibrium involving deprotonation of the phenolic proton, leading to dual-channel fluorescence responses.
The probe selectively targets intracellular mitochondria and displays altered near-infrared (NIR) emission upon inhibition of cellular ATP production.

Conclusions:

A novel ESIPT probe with desirable photophysical properties has been developed.
The probe demonstrates potential as a reaction-based sensor for intracellular ATP detection in mitochondria.
The dual-channel response and mitochondria-specific targeting offer unique advantages for biological sensing applications.