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Volatile organic compound profiling by HS-GC-IMS for vaginal infection identification.

Peng Liu1, Haiyan Zhou1, Rongguo Li1

  • 1Clinical Laboratory Department, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) offers a novel method for diagnosing common vaginal infections like bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). This technique accurately identifies volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for reliable diagnosis.

Keywords:
HS-GC-IMSbacterial vaginosisbiomarkervolatile organic compoundsvulvovaginal candidiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecologic infections
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Biomarker discovery

Background:

  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) are prevalent vaginal infections.
  • Current diagnostic methods for BV and VVC are often subjective and inefficient.
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in vaginal swabs present a potential avenue for improved diagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) in diagnosing BV and VVC.
  • To analyze vaginal VOC profiles for distinguishing between BV, VVC, and healthy states.
  • To identify potential VOC biomarkers for these common vaginal infections.

Main Methods:

  • Recruitment of 616 participants, including patients with BV, VVC, and healthy controls.
  • Random allocation into training (n=432) and testing (n=184) cohorts.
  • Analysis of vaginal VOC profiles using HS-GC-IMS and development of a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 59 VOC peaks, with eight distinct VOCs proposed as diagnostic biomarkers.
  • The PLS-DA model achieved high classification accuracy: 84.26% in the training cohort and 80.98% in the test cohort.
  • Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated high model reliability with area under the curve values exceeding 0.90 for all groups.

Conclusions:

  • HS-GC-IMS is a rapid, sensitive, and non-invasive technique for vaginal VOC analysis.
  • The developed model accurately differentiates BV and VVC, showcasing potential for objective clinical diagnosis.
  • This method offers a promising innovative clinical instrument for identifying vaginal infections.