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Updated: May 22, 2026

Isolation and Purification of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles from Human Feces Using Density Gradient Centrifugation
Published on: September 1, 2023
The gut-liver/bile axis: Gut microbiota and bacterial extracellular vesicles remodeling hepatobiliary pathogenesis
Siyang Hu1, Chunhui He1,2, Kunqi Sun1,2
1Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China.
Abstract:
Global hepatobiliary disease burden is increasing, prompting gut-liver axis research. Gut microbiota-secreted bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) carry bioactive molecules affecting host immunity, inflammation, and metabolism. Whether BEVs actively or passively cause liver damage is unclear. This review suggests gut-derived BEVs trigger hepatic innate immunity and sterile inflammation. By combining current findings on how gut microbes, their BEVs, and hepatobiliary diseases interact, we improve the "gut-liver/bile axis" idea. Acknowledging BEVs' active part in disease offers new ways to use them as diagnostic markers and treatment targets, likely better managing hepatobiliary disorders.
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