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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Single Nuclei Isolation from Coronary Endarterectomy Tissue of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients

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Single-Cell Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Sex-Specific Differences Driving Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque

Jae Hyun Byun^1,2,3, Helena Papacostas Quintanilla^1,3, Karina Gasbarrino^1,3

¹Vascular Health Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada (J.H.B., H.P.Q., K.G., I.G., H.Z., S.S.D.).

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

|May 21, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sex differences drive carotid plaque instability, with distinct cellular and spatial mechanisms observed in males and females. Understanding these unique pathways is crucial for developing targeted treatments for atherosclerosis.

Keywords:

atherosclerosis endarterectomy, carotid ischemic stroke macrophages muscle, smooth, vascular

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Isolation of Endothelial Cells from the Lumen of Mouse Carotid Arteries for Single-Cell Multi-Omics Experiments

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Published on: October 4, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Immunology
Genomics

Background:

Ischemic stroke is a major cardiovascular disease, with carotid atherosclerotic plaques contributing significantly.
Sex differences impact plaque composition and patient outcomes post-stroke.
Males develop more unstable plaques, while females experience worse post-stroke outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sex-specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying carotid plaque instability.
To identify distinct pathways driving plaque destabilization in males versus females.

Main Methods:

Single-cell RNA sequencing of over 64,000 cells from male and female carotid endarterectomy specimens.
Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing with high-plex spatial transcriptomics (CosMx) for cellular localization.
Analysis of cell-cell interactions and gene expression within key histological regions.

Main Results:

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), T lymphocytes, and macrophages constitute ~88% of plaque cells.
Male unstable plaques show reduced contractile VSMCs and increased inflammatory VSMCs and macrophages.
Female unstable plaques have more cytotoxic T lymphocytes and foam-cell macrophages, with distinct spatial distribution of VSMCs in males.

Conclusions:

Distinct cellular and spatial mechanisms contribute to plaque destabilization in males and females.
Findings highlight the need for sex-specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for carotid atherosclerosis.
Sex-specific approaches are essential for managing cardiovascular disease risk associated with plaque instability.