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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors
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Published on: March 29, 2019

Androgen Receptor Expression in Urothelial Bladder Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Alex Buckby1,2, Mandana Gholami2, Matthew Hong1,2

  • 1Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

ANZ Journal of Surgery
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Androgen receptor (AR) expression in bladder cancer, assessed by immunohistochemistry, is not linked to disease grade, stage, or survival outcomes. However, AR is more frequently found in male bladder cancer tissues than female tissues.

Area of Science:

  • Uro-oncology
  • Molecular pathology
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Bladder cancer is a common malignancy with a higher incidence in males.
  • The role of the androgen receptor (AR) in bladder cancer pathophysiology is under investigation.
  • Immunohistochemistry is a common method for assessing AR expression, but its clinical significance is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between AR expression (via immunohistochemistry) and pathological features of urothelial bladder cancer.
  • To explore the prognostic value of AR expression in bladder cancer outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane) from 2000 to 2024.
  • Included studies compared AR expression in bladder urothelial cancer specimens stratified by grade, stage, gender, and survival.
Keywords:
androgenneoplasm gradingneoplasm stagingreceptorssex characteristicsurinary bladder neoplasms

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Main Results:

  • Analysis of 16 studies (2108 samples) revealed no significant correlation between AR expression and tumor grade, stage, progression-free survival, or recurrence-free survival.
  • Male bladder cancer specimens showed a higher likelihood of AR expression compared to female specimens (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.89).

Conclusions:

  • Immunohistochemistry-based AR expression lacks consistent association with pathological features and prognostic value in bladder cancer.
  • A higher prevalence of AR expression in male versus female bladder cancer warrants further investigation.
  • Future research should focus on normal AR expression patterns and more precise activity measures beyond immunohistochemistry.