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Related Concept Videos

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Updated: May 22, 2026

Capturing the Interaction Kinetics of an Ion Channel Protein with Small Molecules by the Bio-layer Interferometry Assay
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Cyano-Triggered Strong Anion-π Interactions: Unlocking Anion-Cation Adsorption Bifunction.

Li Dong1, Shuang Li1, Jiayi Liu1

  • 1College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel electron-deficient material, HCNAP, for efficient symmetric capacitive deionization (CDI). This bifunctional electrode material demonstrates excellent salt removal, offering a new approach for water desalination.

Keywords:
anion‐π interactionsanion–cation co‐adsorptionelectron‐withdrawing groupn‐type organic materialssymmetric CDI

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Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)
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Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Published on: June 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Designing efficient symmetric capacitive deionization (CDI) electrodes for desalination is challenging due to distinct anion and cation adsorption mechanisms.
  • Existing CDI materials often struggle to achieve high performance in both anion and cation adsorption simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel bifunctional Faradaic electrode material for highly efficient symmetric CDI.
  • To investigate the adsorption mechanisms of anions and cations on the designed electrode material.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of an electron-deficient material (HCNAP) by introducing cyano groups onto hexaazatrinaphthalene (HATN).
  • Fabrication of a symmetric CDI device using HCNAP electrodes.
  • Performance evaluation of the CDI device in NaCl solution, including salt adsorption capacity and removal rate.
  • Theoretical calculations and experimental analysis to elucidate adsorption mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized HCNAP exhibits an electron-deficient system with a positive surface potential and quadrupole moment, facilitating anion adsorption via anion-π interactions.
  • HCNAP effectively adsorbs both cations (via C═N and C≡N groups) and anions.
  • The symmetric CDI device achieved a high salt adsorption capacity of 53.88 mg g⁻¹ and a removal rate of 10.1 mg g⁻¹ min⁻¹ in 500 mg L⁻¹ NaCl solution.
  • Favorable adsorption was observed for multiple cations and anions, indicating broad applicability.

Conclusions:

  • The innovative strategy of creating electron-deficient materials with specific functional groups provides a new paradigm for designing bifunctional Faradaic electrodes.
  • HCNAP demonstrates outstanding desalination performance, paving the way for advanced CDI technologies.
  • The study elucidates the dual adsorption mechanism, offering insights for future material design in water treatment.