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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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An Insensitive Energetic Material as a High-Performance Organic Cathode Toward Dual-Mode Batteries.

Jiapeng Zhao1, Wenjin Zhang1, Yuxin Xue1

  • 1School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel energetic material, 4,4',6,6'-tetramino(azo)-1,3,5-triazine (TAAT), for dual-mode energy release. This high-performance organic cathode material offers both long-duration battery power and ultrafast explosive output.

Keywords:
dual‐mode energy releaseenergetic materialhigh insensitivitylithium‐based batteriesorganic cathode

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energetic Materials

Background:

  • Developing materials for mission-critical power systems requires bridging electrochemical energy storage with rapid energy release.
  • Existing materials often compromise between long-duration power and explosive output or safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce 4,4",6,6"-tetramino(azo)-1,3,5-triazine (TAAT) as a novel organic material for dual-mode energy release.
  • To demonstrate TAAT's potential as a high-performance cathode in lithium batteries and as an energetic material.

Main Methods:

  • A "function-by-design" strategy was employed to synthesize and characterize TAAT.
  • Electrochemical performance was evaluated in lithium batteries, including cycling stability and power delivery.
  • Detonation properties and insensitivity (thermal, mechanical) of TAAT were assessed.
  • Initiation studies using hot wire, laser, and detonator stimuli were conducted.

Main Results:

  • TAAT demonstrated a high reversible capacity of 215 mAh g⁻¹ with a stable discharge plateau at ≈3.0 V in lithium batteries.
  • Stable cycling exceeding 700 cycles was achieved, with TAAT||Li pouch cells powering a mini quadcopter.
  • TAAT exhibited excellent energetic properties with a detonation velocity of 7505 m s⁻¹ and detonation pressure of 18.4 GPa.
  • The material remained thermally (Td ≈ 327 °C) and mechanically insensitive (impact >40 J; friction >360 N), with triggerable initiation.

Conclusions:

  • TAAT is a promising insensitive energetic material with dual-mode energy release capabilities.
  • Its performance in lithium batteries and its energetic characteristics establish it as a proof-of-concept for advanced power systems.
  • TAAT advances mission-tailored battery technologies by offering combined electrochemical and explosive functionalities.