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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Published on: August 16, 2018

Heteroatom-Engineered Covalent Organic Frameworks Break the CO₂ Separation Trade-Off in Mixed Matrix Membranes.

Tsukasa Irie¹, Liting Yu², Sourav Ghosh³

¹Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 21, 2026

Summary

Researchers engineered covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to overcome the permeability-selectivity trade-off in carbon dioxide (CO2) separations. The new membranes show superior CO2/CH4 and CO2/H2 separation performance, surpassing existing benchmarks.

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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Published on: August 16, 2018

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Separation Science

Background:

The permeability-selectivity trade-off is a persistent challenge in membrane-based carbon dioxide (CO2) separations.
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) incorporating covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer potential solutions but require precise structural control.
Tailoring pore surface chemistry within COFs is crucial for enhancing CO2 affinity and transport.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a heteroatom-engineering strategy using structurally precise COFs to overcome the CO2 separation trade-off in MMMs.
To systematically modulate COF pore surface chemistry by incorporating oxygen and sulfur heteroatoms without altering topology.
To evaluate the performance of COF-based MMMs for CO2/CH4 and CO2/H2 separations.

Main Methods:

Rational design and synthesis of two isostructural, π-conjugated 2D COFs (TUS-621 and TUS-622) via symmetry-guided reticulation.
Incorporation of synthesized COFs into a Pebax polymer matrix to form MMMs.
Comprehensive characterization and performance evaluation using mixed-gas permeation studies under varying pressure and temperature conditions.

Main Results:

The optimized TUS-621/Pebax-10% membrane achieved a CO2 permeability of 433 Barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 55.3, exceeding the 2008 Robeson upper bound.
High CO2/H2 separation performance was also demonstrated (407 Barrer CO2 permeability, 25.2 selectivity).
The membranes exhibited stable performance over 2-10 bar and 25-100 °C, with negligible decay over 30 days, indicating robustness and resistance to aging.

Conclusions:

Heteroatom-engineered COFs provide a powerful platform for overcoming fundamental transport trade-offs in membrane separations.
Oxygen-rich pore environments in TUS-621 enhance CO2 affinity and accessible surface area, leading to superior separation performance compared to sulfur-containing analogues.
This strategy advances MMMs toward practical, high-efficiency CO2 capture applications.