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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Ribotoxic Stress Response: Coordinating Pyroptosis and Apoptosis.

Jie Sun1,2, Yiyun Zhang3, Lisha Yan3

  • 1Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, People's Republic of China.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ribotoxic stress response (RSR) links ribosome stalling to cell death pathways like apoptosis and pyroptosis. Understanding RSR

Keywords:
ZAKαapoptosispyroptosisribotoxic stress responsetherapeutic target

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Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry
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Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry

Published on: May 31, 2024

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation
06:12

LPS and ATP-induced Death of PMA-differentiated THP-1 Macrophages and its Validation

Published on: May 3, 2024

Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry
05:14

Examination of Pyroptosis by Flow Cytometry

Published on: May 31, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Ribotoxic stress response (RSR) is a translation-dependent stress pathway triggered by ribosome stalling.
  • MAP3K/ZAKα kinase initiates RSR, influencing metabolism, immune signaling, and cell fate.
  • RSR is increasingly recognized for its role in coordinating apoptosis and pyroptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on RSR's molecular mechanisms.
  • To elucidate RSR's interface with apoptotic and pyroptotic pathways.
  • To discuss RSR's roles in cellular homeostasis and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of molecular signaling pathways.
  • Discussion of RSR's implications in disease.

Main Results:

  • RSR acts as a crucial link between ribosome stress and programmed cell death.
  • RSR coordinates signaling crosstalk between apoptosis and pyroptosis.
  • Dysregulation of RSR is implicated in inflammatory disorders, immune dysfunction, and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • RSR plays a significant role in regulating cell death outcomes.
  • Targeting RSR could offer therapeutic strategies for diseases involving inflammation and cell death.
  • Further clarification of RSR's mechanisms is needed for therapeutic development.