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Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
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Prenatal neural network organization and later executive function development.

Alice Massera1, Iris Menu2, Lanxin Ji1

  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal brain connectivity predicts executive function (EF) in children. Early functional brain networks, including frontal and cerebellar systems, are linked to later cognitive abilities like inhibitory control and working memory.

Keywords:
CerebellumExecutive functionFetal fMRIFunctional connectivityLongitudinal developmentSalience network

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Executive function (EF) is crucial for adaptive behavior and long-term outcomes.
  • EF skills like inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility develop throughout childhood.
  • The earliest developmental origins of EF and its neural underpinnings remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between fetal functional brain connectivity and executive function at age 5.
  • To identify specific fetal brain networks associated with later executive function development.

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state fMRI data were collected from 113 fetuses (26-39 weeks gestation).
  • Executive function was assessed at age 5 using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P).
  • Whole-brain functional connectivity was analyzed, parcellated into 15 networks, and subjected to enrichment analysis to identify brain-behavior associations.

Main Results:

  • Six enriched network pairs were significantly associated with global executive function.
  • Connectivity patterns in Frontal, Default Mode Network (DMN), Cerebellar, Salience, and Visual networks predicted EF outcomes.
  • Specific positive and negative connectivity patterns in network pairs like Frontal-Salience and Cerebellar-Visual were linked to EF performance.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence linking prenatal functional brain architecture to later executive function.
  • Distributed, beyond-frontal brain systems, particularly Cerebellar and Salience networks, serve as early scaffolds for executive control.
  • Findings highlight the importance of early-developing neural systems for foundational cognitive abilities.