Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 23, 2026

In Vitro Three-Dimensional Sprouting Assay of Angiogenesis Using Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Vascular Disease Modeling and Drug Testing
Published on: May 11, 2021
From Classical PKPD to Model-Informed Drug Development: Are "Digital Twins" a New Paradigm?
1Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA.
None:
Quantitative pharmacology has guided drug development for decades, turning concentration and response data into mechanistic models that support dosing, trial design, and regulatory decisions. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) did not replace pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modeling so much as formalize it across the lifecycle. Today, "digital twins" are often promoted as a new paradigm, yet most proposed features mirror established pharmacometrics: individual-level simulation, sequential updating, and decision-focused uncertainty analysis. The fundamentals remain unchanged, and identifiability still sets hard limits.
Related Concept Videos
Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Distributed Parameter Models
The distributed parameter models are specifically designed to account for variations and differences in some drug classes. This model is particularly useful for assessing regional concentrations of anticancer or...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Model Components
Pharmacokinetic Models: Overview
There are three primary types of models: empirical, compartment, and physiological. Empirical models, with minimal assumptions,...
Pharmacodynamic Models: Overview
Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems
