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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

T Cell Dysfunction in the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment.

F B Christiansen1, E S Novella1, A V Lindemann1

  • 1Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England)
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor acidity impairs anti-tumor CD8+ T cells while protecting regulatory T cells (Tregs). Targeting tumor acidosis may enhance immunotherapy by restoring T cell function.

Keywords:
CD8+Treganticancer immune responsecancerimmune oncology

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Published on: December 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cancer immunology
  • Tumor microenvironment
  • Immunometabolism

Background:

  • Solid tumors create a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) with acidosis, hypoxia, and nutrient deprivation.
  • The impact of TME acidosis on anti-tumor immune responses, especially T cell function, is gaining attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the effects of acidic TME conditions on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs).
  • To explore the implications of tumor acidosis for cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical discussion of current knowledge.
  • Analysis of T cell function, metabolism, and immune checkpoint pathways in acidic TME conditions.

Main Results:

  • TME acidosis restricts CD8+ T cell motility, cytokine production, proliferation, and killing capacity, linked to metabolic reprogramming.
  • Tregs are resilient to acidosis and their suppressive capacity may be enhanced, promoting immune tolerance.
  • Tumor acidosis modulates immune checkpoint pathways (VISTA, PD-L1), impacting immunotherapy sensitivity.

Conclusions:

  • Limiting tumor acidosis could restore anti-tumor T cell function.
  • Targeting tumor acidosis may improve therapeutic responses to immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapies.