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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Human CD21loT-bet+ B cells: Not as easy as "ABC"!

Stuart G Tangye1,2

  • 1Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia.

Journal of Human Immunity
|May 22, 2026
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Summary

CD21-low B cells are crucial for adaptive immunity but can cause immune dysregulation. Studying these cells and inborn errors of immunity reveals their complex roles in health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • B cells are vital for adaptive immunity, acting as antigen-presenting, cytokine-producing, and antibody-secreting cells.
  • Dysfunctional B cells contribute to various immune disorders, including autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and malignancy.
  • Understanding B cell differentiation and function is critical for human health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of CD21-low B cells, including their discovery, origins, and complexities.
  • To explore the role of CD21-low B cells in both health and disease, particularly humoral immune dysregulation.
  • To highlight how studying inborn errors of immunity can elucidate the generation and function of these B cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CD21-low B cells.
  • Analysis of B cell differentiation pathways.
  • Investigation of immune dysregulation and inborn errors of immunity.

Main Results:

  • CD21-low B cells are associated with numerous diseases, especially humoral immune dysregulation.
  • These cells may also play a role in humoral immunity during vaccination and natural infection.
  • Inborn errors of immunity offer insights into the molecular requirements for CD21-low B cell generation and function.

Conclusions:

  • CD21-low B cells are a complex subset with significant implications for immune function and disease.
  • Further research into these cells, aided by studies of inborn errors of immunity, is essential for understanding immune regulation.
  • Elucidating the mechanisms of CD21-low B cell function can lead to better therapeutic strategies for immune-related disorders.