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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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An Integrated Cobalt-Polyoxoniobate for Catalytic Aldehyde Oxidation.

Xuan Cui1, Yan-Ru Li1, Cai Sun1

  • 1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Oxygenated Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel cobalt-containing polyoxoniobate catalyst (Co/FZU-3) efficiently oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids under mild conditions. This green heterogeneous catalyst achieves high performance and recyclability, overcoming challenges in triphasic systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Heterogeneous Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Efficient aerobic oxidation of aldehydes is crucial but challenging in gas-liquid-solid triphasic systems due to mass transfer limitations.
  • Developing mild, sustainable catalytic methods for aldehyde oxidation remains a significant goal in organic synthesis and industrial chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel heterogeneous catalyst for efficient, additive-free aerobic oxidation of aldehydes under mild conditions.
  • To investigate the catalytic performance, stability, and underlying mechanism of the new catalyst in triphasic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a cobalt-containing polyoxoniobate catalyst (Co/FZU-3).
  • Evaluation of the catalyst's performance in the aerobic oxidation of various aldehydes at room temperature.
  • Analysis of reaction kinetics and catalyst recyclability.

Main Results:

  • Co/FZU-3 demonstrated high efficiency in the additive-free aerobic oxidation of diverse aldehydes to carboxylic acids at room temperature.
  • The catalyst achieved a record turnover frequency (TOF) of 333 h⁻¹, showcasing superior performance compared to existing catalysts.
  • Excellent recyclability and gram-scale applicability were observed, highlighting the catalyst's practical potential.

Conclusions:

  • The Co/FZU-3 catalyst effectively addresses efficiency bottlenecks in triphasic aerobic oxidation.
  • The catalyst's performance is attributed to synergistic effects between anchored cobalt centers and the proton-conducting polyoxoniobate framework.
  • This work presents a viable design strategy for developing multifunctional, green catalytic systems for sustainable chemical transformations.