What Keeps Older Adults Moving? An Analysis of Barriers and Motivation Across Different Exercise Settings

Perceived barriers and motivational factors may influence the adherence of older adults to physical exercise. Considering these variables, this study investigated the association between barriers and motivation for physical exercise among older adults. This cross-sectional study included 225 older adults engaged in physical exercise at private gyms, senior fitness centers, and sports centers in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. The Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI-2) and the Questionnaire on Barriers to Physical Activity Practice in Older Adults (QBPAFI) were used. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression, and cluster analysis. Results indicated that older adults attending sports centers reported higher perceptions of physical, social, and belief-related barriers, as well as lower motivation for physical condition and social recognition, compared to those from gyms and Senior Fitness Academies (p < 0.05). Regression analyses revealed that higher weekly exercise duration was the strongest predictor of motivation, and higher frequency was associated with lower belief-related barriers. Women reported more external barriers, while men were more motivated by competition (p < 0.05). Cluster analysis revealed two distinct profiles: Cluster 1 ("low motivation and moderate perception of barriers," n = 78) and Cluster 2 ("high motivation and low perception of barriers," n = 147). Individuals in Cluster 2 reported more weekly exercise hours (p = 0.002), suggesting that higher motivation and lower perceived barriers are linked to greater adherence. Social and motivational barriers negatively affect adherence, while belief-related barriers may serve as incentives for disease prevention.