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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors
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Environmental Nonessential Element Exposure and Urologic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Zhengyi Deng1,2, Jinhui Li1, Renyue Ji3

  • 1Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.

JAMA Network Open
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
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Environmental exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and vanadium is linked to higher urologic cancer risks. Reducing arsenic in drinking water could lower cancer rates, but more research is needed.

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07:08

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Published on: March 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Urologic cancers are potentially linked to nonessential elements.
  • Low-level environmental exposure to these elements and cancer risk are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically synthesize epidemiologic evidence on the association between environmental exposure to nonessential elements and urologic cancer risk.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies.
  • Searched multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, etc.) from inception to January 2026.
  • Extracted data and conducted random-effects meta-analyses to estimate pooled relative risks (RRs) and dose-response associations.

Main Results:

  • Arsenic exposure showed increased RRs for all urologic cancers (1.72), bladder cancer (1.60), prostate cancer (1.19), and urothelial carcinoma (3.37).
  • A nonlinear dose-response association was observed for drinking-water arsenic levels above 10 µg/L.
  • Cadmium (RR 1.38) and vanadium (RR 1.15) exposures were also associated with increased overall urologic cancer risk.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and vanadium is associated with increased urologic cancer risk.
  • High heterogeneity across studies limits interpretability.
  • High-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm causality and assess the public health impact.