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Related Concept Videos

Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.
Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes02:52

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

Overview of VSEPR Theory

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers
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Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Published on: May 12, 2023

Linker-Flexibility-Induced Triangular Antiprism Nodes in a Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework.

Na Yang1, Jiangshan Li1, Lin Li1,2

  • 1College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Flexible linkers enable the creation of novel 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with polyhedral nodes. This study introduces a new 3D COF with high interpenetration and adaptable structure.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers
07:14

Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Published on: May 12, 2023

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
08:42

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Rational design of polyhedral nodes is essential for 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs).
  • Polyhedral nodes for 3D COF construction are currently scarce.
  • Existing methods often favor 2D connectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate how linker flexibility can induce polyhedral node geometries.
  • To enable the construction of 3D COFs using building blocks favoring 2D connectivity.
  • To expand the structural diversity of 3D COFs.

Main Methods:

  • Reacting a six-connected building block with a flexible precursor containing C-O single bonds.
  • Synthesizing a new highly crystalline 3D COF (3D-TAPB-COF).
  • Utilizing continuous rotation electron diffraction analysis up to 1.0 Å resolution.

Main Results:

  • The six-connected nodes adopt a triangular antiprism geometry.
  • The synthesized 3D-TAPB-COF exhibits an 18-fold interpenetrated pcu topology.
  • This represents the highest reported degree of interpenetration in COFs.
  • Flexible C-O bonds provide structural adaptability and reversible swelling.

Conclusions:

  • Linker flexibility during assembly can induce desired polyhedral node geometries.
  • This strategy expands the structural diversity of 3D COFs.
  • Provides insights into designing dynamic frameworks with tunable properties.