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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...

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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Ordered-Disordered Ionic Cocrystalline Solid-State Electrolytes for Rapid Ion Migration in Sodium Metal Batteries.

Binze Yang¹, Xuan Liu¹, Sheng Wen¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Energy Catalysis and Intelligent Chemical Engineering, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Intelligent Manufacturing of New Energy Materials and Devices, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technologies Research Center, Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 22, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a novel solid-state electrolyte, NaClO₄(SN)₃, for sodium-metal batteries. This ionic cocrystal enhances sodium-ion conductivity and stability, paving the way for safer, high-performance batteries.

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Solid-state electrolytes face challenges with low ion mobility and stability in sodium-metal batteries.
Developing advanced electrolytes is crucial for next-generation energy storage.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer a novel ionic cocrystalline solid-state electrolyte with enhanced properties for sodium-metal batteries.
To investigate the structure-property relationships of the new electrolyte material.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of an ionic cocrystal electrolyte, NaClO₄(SN)₃, by integrating sodium perchlorate with succinonitrile.
Characterization of the electrolyte's crystal structure, ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and thermal properties.
Evaluation of its performance in sodium-metal battery configurations.

Main Results:

The NaClO₄(SN)₃ electrolyte exhibits a unique ordered-disordered hybrid lattice facilitating rapid Na⁺ transport.
Achieved ionic conductivity of 0.94 mS cm^-1 at 25 °C with low activation energy (0.26 eV).
Demonstrated excellent electrochemical stability (>4.6 V) and improved dendrite resistance with conformal electrode interfaces.

Conclusions:

The order-disorder hybrid cocrystal strategy effectively enhances ionic conductivity and mechanical compliance in solid-state electrolytes.
NaClO₄(SN)₃ presents a promising, scalable solution for high-performance, safe rechargeable solid-state alkali metal batteries.