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Understanding Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia: Do Not Miss the Point.

Daniel J McCoy1, Brandon M Togioka2, Kirk Lalwani2

  • 1From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

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|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Needle and blood-injection-injury phobia (BII) is common in surgery, causing delays and distress. Management strategies like CBT and applied tension, alongside early screening, can improve patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Psychiatry
  • Behavioral Health

Background:

  • Needle and blood-injection-injury phobia (BII) is prevalent in the perioperative setting, impacting patient care and healthcare costs.
  • This phobia involves intense fear of needles and blood, potentially increasing procedural risks and requiring interventions.
  • BII phobia is more common in females, often developing in childhood, influenced by genetic, environmental, and temperamental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and significance of BII phobia in the perioperative period.
  • To discuss effective management strategies for BII phobia before and during surgery.
  • To highlight the need for improved training and early identification of BII phobia among healthcare professionals.

Main Methods:

  • This is a narrative review.
  • Literature search on BII phobia in the perioperative setting.
  • Discussion of existing management strategies and future directions.

Main Results:

  • BII phobia can disrupt operating room throughput, increase costs, and lead to patient disengagement.
  • Effective management includes cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied tension techniques pre-surgery.
  • Perioperative interventions include pharmacologic anxiolysis, topical anesthetics, vibration devices, and distraction.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification through screening and AI-guided natural language processing can facilitate referrals and collaboration.
  • Anesthesiologists require more training in managing BII phobia.
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration is crucial for effective management of BII phobia.