Virtual reality interventions and applications used in rehabilitation in adults with multiple sclerosis: A scoping...

This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize the types of virtual reality (VR) interventions and applications used in the rehabilitation of adults with multiple sclerosis (MS).

A comprehensive search was conducted across seven generic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCOhost, CINAHL, and ProQuest) up to April 2026. The review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and the protocol was prospectively registered in OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G7R5X RESULTS: A total of 670 records were identified, and 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence showed a predominance of non-immersive and semi-immersive VR systems, whereas fully immersive and augmented/projection-based applications were less frequently reported. Applications were technologically heterogeneous and included commercial exergaming platforms, motion-sensing systems, specialized rehabilitation devices, immersive head mounted systems, telerehabilitation tools, and projection-based environments CONCLUSIONS: VR based rehabilitation in adults with MS is characterized by heterogeneous technologies and diverse clinical applications. Current evidence supports VR mainly as a feasible adjunctive rehabilitation tool, with non-immersive and semi-immersive systems predominating and fully immersive or augmented/projection-based approaches emerging as areas for further research.