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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
08:58

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

Published on: March 7, 2018

Operando X-ray scattering reveals ordering-mediated solidification in additive manufacturing.

Lin Gao1,2, Kyle Mumm3, Zhongshu Ren4,3,5

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. lgao9@ua.edu.

Nature Communications
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) solidification involves non-equilibrium conditions. This study reveals how liquid atomic ordering, specifically icosahedral clusters, drives abnormal grain transitions in Inconel 718 and other alloys.

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Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
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Published on: January 25, 2019

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
08:58

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

Published on: March 7, 2018

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
06:53

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

Published on: January 25, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Physics

Background:

  • Fusion-based metal additive manufacturing (AM) involves rapid solidification under non-equilibrium conditions.
  • This often leads to microstructures deviating from classical theories, such as abnormal columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET).
  • The role of liquid atomic ordering in these phenomena, particularly CET, lacks direct mechanistic evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To probe atomic structures within melt pools during AM using advanced X-ray techniques.
  • To establish a direct link between liquid atomic orderings and observed solidification pathways.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind abnormal CET in alloys like Inconel 718.

Main Methods:

  • Operando synchrotron X-ray total scattering measurements.
  • Rapid pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to resolve atomic-scale structures.
  • In-situ observation of solidification processes in metal additive manufacturing melt pools.

Main Results:

  • Resolved the evolution of short- and medium-range atomic orderings in AM melt pools.
  • Connected the selective consumption of specific atomic orderings to distinct solidification pathways.
  • Confirmed the significant role of icosahedral clusters in controlling solidification behavior and abnormal CET.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid atomic ordering, particularly icosahedral clusters, is crucial for controlling solidification in metal AM.
  • A distinct nucleation and growth pathway, influenced by atomic ordering, is responsible for abnormal CET.
  • These findings provide fundamental insights for alloy design and microstructure control in metal AM processes.