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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Disruption of the Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier by Small Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Human Placentas
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Disruption of the Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier by Small Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Human Placentas

Published on: January 26, 2024

The pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia.

Annemarie Hennessy1, Jolene Ng2, Angela Makris2

  • 1Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Annemarie.hennessy@sydney.edu.au.

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pre-eclampsia, a severe pregnancy complication, involves maternal endothelial dysfunction and placental toxins like soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1). Understanding these pathways aids in developing prevention and treatment strategies for this condition.

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07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
  • It is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, stemming from maternal endothelial dysfunction in key organs.
  • The placenta plays a critical role, with dysfunction leading to toxin release that exacerbates maternal disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia, focusing on maternal endothelial dysfunction and placental factors.
  • To explore the role of toxins, such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1), as biomarkers.
  • To identify risk factors and understand disease presentation variations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on pre-eclampsia.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction, placental factors, and inflammation.
  • Examination of risk factors and their contribution to disease presentation.

Main Results:

  • Maternal endothelial dysfunction in renal, hepatic, and cerebral vasculature underlies pre-eclampsia symptoms.
  • A dysfunctional placenta releases toxins, including sFLT1, contributing to disease progression and serving as biomarkers.
  • Risk factors like obesity, diabetes, and chronic hypertension influence disease presentation and severity.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-eclampsia involves complex interactions between placental dysfunction and maternal endothelial health.
  • Identifying underlying pathways and risk factors is crucial for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Early pre-eclampsia may indicate pre-existing chronic kidney disease, highlighting the need for comprehensive maternal health assessment.