Advancing Knowledge in Evaluating the Clinical Impact of Large Language Models for Clinical Text Summarization: A...

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for clinical text summarization from electronic health records (EHRs), where they could reduce documentation burden. While promising, errors in generated summaries may propagate misinformation, misrepresent clinical facts, and ultimately pose risks to patient safety. This review examined how the clinical impact of LLM-based summarization has been evaluated across four dimensions: utility, failure, patient safety risks, and bias. Literature was retrieved from PubMed between June 2024 and September 2025. Of the 144 retrieved studies, 32 studies were included in the analysis. Failure analysis was the most frequently reported (n=16, 50%), focusing on inaccuracies, omissions, and hallucinations, though definitions and methods varied widely. Utility analysis (n=8, 25%) examined workflow efficiency, readability, and understandability. Bias analysis (n=7, 22%) considered gender, race, and stigmatizing language. Only one study explicitly conducted patient safety risk analysis (n=1, 3%), using risk matrices. Findings indicate that evaluation frameworks are gradually moving beyond technical performance metrics; however, methodologies remain heterogeneous and lack standardization. Future research should establish consistent error taxonomies, structured risk assessment frameworks, and systematic bias detection methods to enable the safe clinical deployment of LLM-based summarization systems.