Generative AI in Dutch General Practice: A Pilot Study of Current Use and Future Perspectives

Dutch general practice is under increasing pressure from workforce shortages and administrative workload. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is being promoted as a potential way to support documentation, communication, and clinical reasoning, yet real-world use and evaluation in primary care remain insufficiently understood. This exploratory pilot study examined how Dutch general practitioners (GPs) currently use GenAI, what benefits and barriers they perceive, and which conditions they consider necessary for responsible implementation. Thirteen GPs participated in semi-structured interviews; data collection continued until thematic saturation was judged to be reached. Reflexive thematic analysis identified five themes: (1) support without replacing clinical judgment; (2) the importance of integration into the electronic health record (EHR) and workflows; (3) privacy, governance, and liability as major barriers; (4) tensions with professional identity and role boundaries; and (5) trust linked to transparency and interpretive literacy. As an additional descriptive layer, manual sentiment scoring of 140 coded excerpts was performed. Overall, participants viewed GenAI as potentially valuable when well-integrated and appropriately governed but expressed clear conditions for safe and acceptable use. These findings are context-specific and hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as generalizable beyond this exploratory sample.