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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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Decoding immunity: AI-driven insights into T-cell receptor antigen recognition and immune function.

Martina Bonomi1,2, Tom Donaldson1,2, Fabio Luciani1,2

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Immunology and Cell Biology
|May 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This research highlight covers 2025 studies on T-cell receptor (TCR) biology, detailing activation mechanisms and AI models for TCR-antigen recognition with clinical applications.

Keywords:
T‐cell receptorantigen recognitionartificial intelligenceimmune functionimmune repertoireimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Computational Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • T-cell receptors (TCRs) are crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding TCR biology is key to developing new therapies.
  • Recent advancements have accelerated progress in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review significant 2025 research on TCR biology.
  • To highlight mechanistic insights into TCR activation.
  • To discuss emerging AI approaches for TCR-antigen recognition modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key peer-reviewed studies published in 2025.
  • Analysis of experimental data on TCR activation pathways.
  • Evaluation of computational models utilizing artificial intelligence (AI).

Main Results:

  • New mechanistic insights into T-cell receptor activation have been elucidated.
  • AI-based computational approaches show promise in modeling TCR-antigen interactions.
  • These models demonstrate significant translational potential for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of mechanistic and computational studies is advancing TCR biology.
  • AI-driven modeling offers a powerful tool for predicting TCR-antigen recognition.
  • Future research holds promise for novel immunotherapies based on TCR understanding.