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Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Close Relationships and Culture

Close Relationships and Culture

Culture shapes how people approach attraction, choose partners, and build long-term relationships. While some preferences in mate selection appear consistent across cultures, such as men valuing physical attractiveness and women emphasizing financial resources, cultural contexts influence how these preferences are expressed and prioritized. Marriage extends beyond romantic ideals in many societies and is deeply embedded in social, economic, and religious frameworks.The Role of Culture in Mate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

A Systematic Review on Psychometric Properties of Instruments Assessing Intimate Partner Violence in South Asian

Afreenbanu A Khadirnavar¹, Princy Mariam Thomas¹, Abhilasha Das¹

¹National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.

Trauma, Violence & Abuse

|May 23, 2026

Summary

This review assessed tools for intimate partner violence (IPV/DV) in South Asia, finding high reliability for several culturally specific instruments. Further cross-cultural validation is needed for diverse populations.

Keywords:

South Asian countries domestic violence gender-based violence intimate partner violence/abuse measurements/scales psychometric properties

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Area of Science:

Psychometrics
Sociology
Public Health

Background:

Intimate partner violence (IPV/DV) is a significant public health issue in South Asia.
Existing assessment tools may lack cultural sensitivity and validation for diverse populations.
There is a critical need for psychometrically sound and culturally appropriate instruments to measure IPV/DV in the region.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and evaluate the psychometric properties of instruments used to assess IPV/DV in South Asia.
To identify existing tools and assess their reliability, validity, and cultural adaptation.
To highlight gaps and provide recommendations for future instrument development and validation.

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library) from June 1-30, 2024.
Screening of 1,347 studies identified 9 eligible studies for full-text analysis.
Psychometric properties, including reliability (Cronbach's α) and internal consistency, were critically examined.

Main Results:

Several instruments demonstrated high reliability and internal consistency in South Asian contexts, including the Domestic Violence Questionnaire for Indian women (α = .94) and the Domestic Violence Scale for Intimate Partners in Pakistan (α = .951).
Validated adaptations of existing scales were noted in Nepal.
Tools developed in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal showed strong psychometric performance, but cross-cultural validation emerged as a significant challenge.

Conclusions:

Culturally specific instruments for assessing intimate partner violence in South Asia exhibit high reliability.
Cross-cultural validation remains a critical area for improvement to ensure the effectiveness of IPV/DV assessment tools across diverse populations.
Further adaptation and validation are essential for culturally relevant and effective IPV/DV measurement in South Asia.