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Related Concept Videos

Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia01:24

Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia

DysplasiaDysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells, characterized by pleomorphism, nuclear abnormalities, and increased mitotic activity. It commonly affects epithelial tissues, including the cervix, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory mucosa, and endometrium. Although it may occur alongside hyperplasia, dysplasia is not a true adaptive response but a preneoplastic change with potential to progress to cancer.When confined above the basement...
Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview01:22

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview

Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed. Cell shapes can be squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal (square-like, as wide as it is tall), or columnar (rectangular, taller than it is wide). Additionally, the nucleus shape helps identify the type of epithelial cells. Squamous cells have flattened disc-shaped nuclei, cuboidal cells have spherical nuclei, and columnar cells have elongated nuclei.
Based on the number of cell layers,...

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Benign Normal Tissue Mimicking Neoplastic Disorders: A Cytopathological Review.

Philippe Stephenson1, María Luisa C Policarpio-Nicolas2, Xiaoqi Lin3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.

Acta Cytologica
|May 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Understanding normal cytology is crucial for accurate diagnosis, especially during rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). This review highlights common and rare normal cytomorphologies to prevent diagnostic errors.

Keywords:
Benign mimicCytologyFine-needle aspiration biopsyNormal tissue

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Area of Science:

  • Cytopathology
  • Diagnostic Pathology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Normal tissue histology is well-established, but normal cytological appearance in specimens like fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is less understood.
  • Lack of familiarity with normal cytology can lead to diagnostic errors, particularly during rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE).
  • Certain tissues have rarely seen normal cytomorphology, posing challenges for pathologists and cytotechnicians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review situations where normal cytological findings can cause diagnostic confusion.
  • To provide a resource on common and uncommon normal cytomorphology for diagnostic accuracy.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing normal cytology in various specimen types.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature and case examples concerning normal cytomorphology in diagnostic cytopathology.
  • Analysis of potential diagnostic pitfalls related to normal cellular appearance in FNAB specimens.
  • Focus on specific tissues and anatomical locations, including those encountered via novel techniques like echoendoscopy.

Main Results:

  • Identified frequent diagnostic confusions arising from normal bronchial, duodenal, gastric mucosa, mesothelium, liver, pancreas, and bone marrow cytology.
  • Highlighted less common but significant diagnostic challenges in recognizing normal spleen, kidney, neural ganglia, seminal vesicle, testis, and pineal gland cytology.
  • Emphasized the characteristic and recognizable nature of normal cytomorphology when properly identified.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate interpretation of cytological specimens requires a thorough understanding of normal cytomorphology.
  • Familiarity with both common and rare normal tissue appearances is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate patient management.
  • This review serves as a guide to recognizing normal cytomorphology, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy in cytopathology.