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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow
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PFAS Mixture Composition and Internal Exposure Profiles Shape Biological Responses under Field-Realistic Exposure.

Alan M Vajda1, Jill A Jenkins2, David W Bertolatus3

  • 1University of Colorado Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, Colorado 80217-3364, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|May 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

Complex mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) cause significant harm to fish, impacting survival and reproduction. Understanding PFAS mixture composition is crucial for assessing ecological risks in contaminated environments.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Aquatic toxicology

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are prevalent environmental contaminants found in complex mixtures.
  • The biological effects of PFAS mixtures under realistic exposure conditions are not well understood.
  • Field-based studies are essential for evaluating PFAS impacts in natural ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mixture-dependent biological effects of PFAS on male fathead minnows under field-realistic conditions.
  • To differentiate between concentration and mixture effects of PFAS.
  • To link PFAS exposure profiles to organismal and molecular outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Multiyear, continuous-flow, field-based exposures of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
Keywords:
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF)Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)Mixture-toxicityPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)Reproductive biomarkersTranscriptomics

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  • Use of reference (REF) and PFAS-contaminated groundwater from fire-training areas (FTA).
  • Dilution treatments to separate concentration and mixture effects; plasma PFAS analysis; liver and testis transcriptomics.

    • Main Results:

    • PFAS mixtures from FTA groundwater caused significant cumulative mortality and reduced secondary sex trait expression in fish.
    • Sperm motility effects were dependent on PFAS mixture composition and exposure duration.
    • Plasma PFAS profiles were dominated by PFHxS, PFOS, and sulfonamide precursors.
    • Liver transcriptomics revealed disruption of metabolic, mitochondrial, and endocrine pathways.

    Conclusions:

    • PFAS mixture composition, including precursor differences, significantly influences ecotoxicological outcomes.
    • Internal exposure profiles are key determinants of PFAS toxicity in aquatic organisms.
    • Transcriptomic data provide mechanistic links between PFAS exposure and adverse biological effects.