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Related Concept Videos

Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
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Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

Failure to integrate: Connector hub dysfunction in major depressive disorder.

Norika Hayashi1, Epifanio Bagarinao2

  • 1Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|May 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Major depressive disorder (MDD) involves widespread brain network impairments. Key brain connector hubs show altered connectivity, impacting sensory, motor, cognitive, and affective functions, correlating with depression severity.

Keywords:
Connector hubsFunctional connectivityFunctional connectivity overlap ratioMajor depressive disorderResting-state fMRIResting-state networks

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Published on: July 1, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition with diverse symptoms.
  • Previous neuroimaging studies indicate dysfunctional brain network connectivity in MDD.
  • Connector hubs, crucial for brain integration, are hypothesized to be impaired in MDD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate connectivity impairments in brain connector hubs in patients with MDD.
  • To identify specific brain regions and networks affected by altered connectivity in MDD.
  • To explore the relationship between altered connectivity and depression severity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized resting-state functional MRI data from 255 MDD patients and 255 healthy controls.
  • Calculated functional connectivity overlap ratio to identify affected connector hubs.
  • Analyzed connectivity patterns across multiple large-scale brain networks.

Main Results:

  • Connector hubs in sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, and limbic regions showed altered connectivity in MDD patients.
  • Sensorimotor hubs exhibited reduced connections with primary processing and default mode networks, but increased connections with salience and basal ganglia networks.
  • Cerebellar, thalamic, and limbic hubs displayed widespread impaired connectivity with neurocognitive, language, and basal ganglia networks.
  • Some altered connections correlated significantly with depression scores.

Conclusions:

  • MDD is characterized by widespread impairments in the brain's integrative functions involving multiple networks.
  • Altered connectivity in connector hubs contributes to the diverse sensory, motor, cognitive, and affective symptoms of MDD.
  • Findings highlight the role of disrupted brain network integration in the pathophysiology of depression.