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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Ferric Chloride-induced Murine Thrombosis Models
10:37

Ferric Chloride-induced Murine Thrombosis Models

Published on: September 5, 2016

Iron, autoimmunity, and thrombosis: Exploring sex-specific interactions.

Roberta Gualtierotti1, Luca Valenti2

  • 1Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy; Internal Medicine, Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|May 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Iron deficiency may drive immune dysregulation and hypercoagulability, particularly in women. This review explores iron

Keywords:
AutoimmunityCoagulationGenderIronSex

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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Ferric Chloride-induced Murine Thrombosis Models
10:37

Ferric Chloride-induced Murine Thrombosis Models

Published on: September 5, 2016

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Iron is vital for oxygen transport, energy, and immune function, but its dysregulation links to autoimmunity and thrombosis.
  • Women face higher risks of iron deficiency due to physiological factors, increasing susceptibility to immune and thrombotic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the connections between iron status, immune response, and thrombosis, focusing on sex-based differences.
  • To hypothesize that iron deficiency promotes immune thrombotic conditions in predisposed women.
  • To examine the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on iron metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Exploration of pathophysiological mechanisms linking iron deficiency to immune and thrombotic states.
  • Analysis of sex-based differences and hormonal influences.

Main Results:

  • Iron deficiency can impair immune cell function, leading to unbalanced responses.
  • Reduced iron availability influences coagulation factors and platelets, elevating thrombotic risk.
  • Hormonal therapy impacts iron metabolism, necessitating individualized assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Iron deficiency may be a common factor in developing immune thrombotic conditions in susceptible women.
  • Understanding sex-based differences in iron metabolism is crucial for managing immune-mediated diseases.
  • Precision medicine requires considering hormonal influences on iron status, immunity, and thrombosis risk.