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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities

Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities

Published on: May 24, 2022

Vertical Root Fracture in Endodontically Treated Teeth: Risk Factors and Future Directions.

Xuhui Luo¹, Wenxi Zhang¹, Nuo Han¹

¹Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Australian Endodontic Journal : the Journal of the Australian Society of Endodontology Inc

|May 25, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Vertical root fractures (VRFs) in endodontically treated teeth are linked to dental treatment and biting forces. More research is needed on occlusal factors, potentially using new sensor technologies.

Keywords:

dentinal microcrack endodontically treated teeth fracture resistance occlusal force vertical root fractures

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Area of Science:

Dentistry
Biomaterials Science
Biomechanics

Background:

Vertical root fractures (VRFs) are a significant concern in endodontically treated teeth.
Understanding risk factors is crucial for preventing treatment complications and improving tooth longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a narrative review of risk factors associated with vertical root fractures (VRFs) in endodontically treated teeth.
To differentiate between treatment-related and occlusal factors contributing to VRFs.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental studies focusing on dentinal microcracks, dentine volume, fracture resistance, access cavity preparation, and root canal instrumentation.
Analysis of studies investigating occlusal risk factors, including occlusal forces, crown morphology, and restoration impacts.
Evaluation of current limitations in occlusal analysis and force measurement techniques.

Main Results:

Treatment-related factors, such as root canal preparation instruments and access cavity designs, significantly influence dentine microcracks and fracture resistance.
Occlusal factors, including high occlusal forces and altered stress distribution from restorations, also contribute to VRFs, though less extensively studied.
Existing occlusal analysis and force measurement methods are limited in scope and application.

Conclusions:

Both endodontic treatment procedures and occlusal forces are critical risk factors for VRFs.
Further research into occlusal risk factors is warranted, with flexible sensor technology offering a promising avenue for future exploration.