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Updated: May 26, 2026

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence
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Influence of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag on Solar Reflectance, Lightness, and Temperature of Hardened Cement

Payam Shafigh1,2, Poh-Yee Loh2, Muhammad Aslam1

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, College of Architecture and Energy Engineering, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.

ACS Omega
|May 25, 2026
PubMed

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The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create ettringite,...
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