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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Published on: August 30, 2014

IL-21 expression during sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.

Chunrui Wang¹, Xiaowei Qin¹, Li Jiang¹

¹Department of Otolaryngology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, The People's Republic of China.

American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology

|May 25, 2026

Summary

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) effectively reduces Interleukin-21 (IL-21) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. IL-21 may indicate treatment success, offering a potential biomarker for AR therapy.

Keywords:

Allergic rhinitis IL-21 Th2 cytokines biomarker sublingual immunotherapy

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

Immunology
Allergology
Biochemistry

Background:

Allergic rhinitis (AR) involves immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation.
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) influences immune cells and IgE production.
Understanding IL-21's role in AR is crucial for treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate Interleukin-21 (IL-21) expression changes after sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients.
To assess the correlation between IL-21, immunoglobulin E (IgE), and Th2 cytokines.
To evaluate IL-21 as a potential biomarker for SLIT efficacy.

Main Methods:

Fifty AR patients received standardized house dust mite (HDM) allergen extract via SLIT.
Serum IL-21, Th2 cytokines, and IgE levels were quantified using ELISA.
Statistical analyses compared pre- and post-treatment levels and assessed correlations.

Main Results:

SLIT significantly decreased serum IL-21, Th2 cytokines, and IgE levels after 3 years.
Effective SLIT responders showed greater reductions compared to non-responders.
IL-21 levels correlated positively with IL-4 and IgE.

Conclusions:

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) downregulates IL-21 and Th2 cytokine expression in AR.
IL-21 shows potential as a predictive biomarker for SLIT effectiveness in AR patients.
This study highlights IL-21's involvement in the immunomodulatory effects of SLIT.