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Updated: May 26, 2026

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Affordable Arsenic Detection Device Using Handmade Lokta Paper for Decentralized and Sustainable Manufacturing.

Ramdeep Shrestha1,2, Bhanu Bhakta Neupane1, Basant Giri2

  • 1Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal, tribhuvan-university.edu.np.

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This study introduces an affordable, portable paper strip sensor for arsenic detection in groundwater, made from sustainable Lokta paper. It offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution to improve water quality monitoring and reduce supply chain reliance.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Global supply chains are vulnerable, as shown by recent disruptions.
  • Centralized manufacturing poses risks for essential services like water quality monitoring.
  • There is a need for affordable, accessible, and sustainable methods for detecting contaminants like arsenic in groundwater.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a low-cost, portable paper strip sensor for arsenic detection in groundwater.
  • To utilize distributed manufacturing principles and sustainable materials for sensor fabrication.
  • To assess the sensor's performance against commercial standards and its potential for regional application.

Main Methods:

  • Handmade Lokta Paper (HLP) was produced from Daphne bark using eco-friendly methods.
Keywords:
Daphnearsenic contaminationpaper striptraditional material

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  • The HLP strips were impregnated with mercuric bromide (HgBr2) and utilized the Gutzeit reaction.
  • Arsenic analysis was performed using smartphone imaging for qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative measurements.

    • Main Results:

    • The optimized HLP strip sensor showed strong agreement with a commercial kit (Cohen's kappa = 0.811).
    • The sensor demonstrated a lower limit of detection (18 µg/L) and limit of quantification (54 µg/L) compared to the commercial kit.
    • The production cost was significantly lower at USD 0.37 per test, highlighting cost-effectiveness.

    Conclusions:

    • The HLP paper strip sensor is a robust, affordable, and portable tool for arsenic detection in groundwater.
    • This approach promotes distributed manufacturing, reduces supply chain dependency, and supports sustainable resource utilization.
    • The innovation has the potential to enhance regional resilience, address global health challenges, and foster local economic growth.