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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...

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Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization

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Published on: January 24, 2025

Nanotechnology-driven STING regulation for on-demand therapy.

Qianwen Mu^1,2,3, Qihang Huang¹, Haolan Deng^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

|May 25, 2026

Summary

Nanotechnology combined with cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway modulation shows promise for new therapies. Nanomaterials enhance STING agonist delivery for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases, but clinical translation faces challenges.

Keywords:

Autoimmunity Cancer Immunotherapy Infection Inflammation Nanomedicine Nanotechnology cGAS–STING pathway

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Nanotechnology
Drug Development

Background:

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway is crucial in innate immunity.
Modulating the cGAS-STING pathway offers therapeutic potential for various diseases.
Nanotechnology presents opportunities to improve STING-based therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical progress of STING agonists and inhibitors.
To highlight the role of nanomaterials in regulating the cGAS-STING pathway.
To discuss challenges in translating STING nanomaterials into clinical practice.

Main Methods:

Literature review of clinical trials and preclinical studies on STING agonists and inhibitors.
Analysis of nanomaterial applications in modulating the cGAS-STING pathway.
Evaluation of challenges and future directions for STING-based nanotherapies.

Main Results:

STING activation enhances anti-tumor immunity and can be improved by nanocarriers for targeted delivery and synergistic effects.
Regulation of STING activation in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases can restore immune homeostasis and reduce tissue damage.
Nanomaterials, including cell-derived membranes, improve targeted delivery and biocompatibility of STING modulators.

Conclusions:

Combining cGAS-STING pathway modulation with nanotechnology is a promising therapeutic strategy.
STING-based nanotherapies show potential in oncology and inflammatory/autoimmune diseases.
Overcoming challenges in clinical translation is essential for realizing the full potential of STING nanomaterials.