Global health perspectives on diet patterns micronutrients and climato-economic factors

Global dietary patterns and micronutrient deficiencies are key modifiable risk factors for disease, with complex relationships to geographical, climatic, and economic conditions. This study evaluates the global disease burden attributable to these factors. Using the Köppen climate classification and World Bank income groups as a descriptive framework, we analyze the geographical distribution of this burden. Dietary risks and nutrient deficiencies collectively account for 10.32% of global deaths and 5.74% of DALYs. High sodium (2.65%), low fruit (2.40%), and low whole-grain intake (2.21%) are leading dietary risks associated with mortality, while iron deficiency contributes 3.85% to global YLDs. Burden distribution is heterogeneous: mortality in Africa/south Asia is associated with low fruit/vegetable intake; in east/southeast Asia with high sodium; and in North America/Europe with low whole grains. Non-fatal burden is associated with red meat intake in developed regions and with iron deficiency elsewhere. Findings highlight the need for context-specific interventions.