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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique
06:32

Deciphering Molecular Mechanism of Histone Assembly by DNA Curtain Technique

Published on: March 9, 2022

Adam13 interacts with large protein complexes to regulate histone modification and gene expression.

Ankit Pandey1, Helene Cousin1, Shiv Kumar1,2,3

  • 1Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cranial neural crest (CNC) cell development relies on ADAM proteins, which interact with Arid3a to regulate gene expression and histone modifications. This interaction is crucial for CNC cell migration and facial structure formation.

Keywords:
ADAMARID3aTFAP2AXenopushistone methylationneural crest cell

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cranial neural crest (CNC) cells are vital stem-cell-like tissues for vertebrate facial development.
  • Disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) proteins are essential for CNC cell induction and migration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between Adam13 and Arid3a in regulating gene expression and histone modifications within CNC cells.
  • To elucidate the role of Adam13 in tfap2α expression and its impact on CNC migration.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Adam13-Arid3a interactions.
  • Assessment of histone modifications in CNC cells.
  • Investigation of Arid3a binding to the tfap2α promoter.
  • Examination of gene expression and RNA splicing.

Main Results:

  • Adam13 modulates histone modifications in CNC cells.
  • Arid3a binding to the tfap2α promoter is dependent on Adam13.
  • Adam13 promotes a specific tfap2α variant crucial for CNC migration.
  • Adam13 and ADAM9 associate with proteins involved in histone modification and RNA splicing.

Conclusions:

  • ADAM proteins may function as extracellular sensors influencing chromatin accessibility.
  • This modulation affects gene expression and RNA splicing, critical for CNC development.
  • The Adam13-Arid3a pathway is key to regulating genes essential for CNC migration and facial development.