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Characterization of Potential Risk Pathways for African Swine Fever Introduction Into Brazil.

Isadora Martins Pinto Coelho1, Érica Lorenza Martins Araújo1, Breno Oliveira Lima Ramos1

  • 1Veterinary School, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, ufmg.br.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

African swine fever (ASF) poses a significant threat to Brazil's pork industry. This study identified key introduction risks, including seized animal products and traveler patterns, highlighting the need for targeted surveillance and education for immigrant workers.

Keywords:
African swine feverimmigrant workersmigration flowsseizure of animal productssurveillanceswine industry

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • African swine fever (ASF) is a major global threat to swine production.
  • Brazil, a leading pork exporter, faces severe socioeconomic risks from ASF reintroduction.
  • Understanding potential introduction pathways is crucial for biosecurity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize potential African swine fever (ASF) introduction pathways into Brazil.
  • To analyze risks associated with imported animal-origin products (AOP), traveler entry, and immigrant worker profiles.
  • To inform risk-based surveillance and targeted biosecurity measures.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of seized AOP at Brazilian airports from ASF-affected countries (2023).
  • Examination of traveler entry patterns, including border points, visa types, and origin.
  • Correlation analysis of seasonal passenger arrivals with ASF outbreak seasonality in Europe and Asia.
  • Assessment of occupational and spatial profiles of immigrant workers in livestock sectors.

Main Results:

  • Over 4,300 kg of AOP were seized, primarily from China, Italy, Nigeria, and Germany.
  • Traveler entry patterns showed links between origin, visa type, and border crossings.
  • Seasonal passenger mobility correlated significantly with ASF outbreak seasonality in Europe and Asia.
  • Immigrant workers often work directly with livestock and reside in high-density pig farming areas.

Conclusions:

  • Human mobility and seized AOP are significant potential pathways for ASF introduction.
  • Risk-based surveillance strategies should consider traveler data and immigrant worker demographics.
  • Targeted educational initiatives for livestock-involved immigrant workers are essential for ASF prevention in Brazil.