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Environmental microbial communities and host selection shape larval microbiomes.

Stephanie F Hendricks1, Amy L Tan1, Amelia G Williams2

  • 1Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marine larvae exposed to warmer temperatures and diverse microbes developed distinct microbiomes and altered body shapes. These early-life conditions impact holobiont formation and larval morphology.

Keywords:
16S rRNAholobiontmicrobiomemorphologyplasticitysea urchin

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Microbiome research

Background:

  • Ocean warming alters marine environments and organismal interactions during critical early development.
  • The role of host-associated microbiomes in mediating these impacts on marine larvae is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how temperature and microbial exposure during embryogenesis affect larval microbiome assembly and host morphology in sea urchins.
  • To understand the interplay between environmental conditions and holobiont formation in early marine life stages.

Main Methods:

  • Sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos were reared in controlled conditions: low microbial richness (LMR) vs. high microbial richness (HMR) seawater, and ambient (14 °C) vs. elevated (18 °C) temperatures.
  • Larvae were sampled at 2, 4, and 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) to analyze microbiome composition and larval morphology.

Main Results:

  • Larvae in high microbial richness (HMR) seawater exhibited greater microbial diversity compared to those in low microbial richness (LMR).
  • While temperature had minimal impact on microbiome composition, both temperature and microbial conditions influenced larval morphology by 6 dpf.
  • Differences in microbial community structure suggest host selectivity in microbiome assembly, with potential functional enrichment of chemoheterotrophic microbes.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life temperature and microbial conditions significantly shape larval microbiome establishment and subsequent host morphology.
  • These findings provide insights into how environmental factors interact to influence holobiont development in marine invertebrates.
  • Understanding these early-life dynamics is crucial for predicting the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems.