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Brain Abscess Following CPX-351 Treatment in a Patient With Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Yusuke Yamaga1, Shoichiro Okazaki1, Yuri Sakuma1

  • 1Division of Hematology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan, municipal-hospital.ichinomiya.aichi.jp.

Case Reports in Hematology
|May 25, 2026
PubMed

Insights

A rare brain abscess case occurred during chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Prompt diagnosis and treatment led to neurological recovery and AML remission, highlighting infection risks during treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment, particularly with CPX-351, can lead to complications.
  • Patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy may experience immunosuppression and increased infection risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of brain abscess during CPX-351 induction therapy for AML.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering brain abscess in AML patients with neurological symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient with AML treated with CPX-351.
  • Diagnosis involved neurological examination, MRI, and abscess drainage.
  • Treatment included surgical intervention and targeted antibiotics.

Main Results:

  • A right parietal lobe brain abscess caused by Bacillus species was identified.
  • The patient achieved neurological recovery and complete remission of AML.
  • Consolidation therapy with venetoclax and azacitidine was initiated.

Conclusions:

  • CPX-351 therapy may increase susceptibility to Gram-positive infections like brain abscess.
  • Early recognition and management of neurological symptoms during AML treatment are crucial.
  • Multidisciplinary approach involving neurosurgery, infectious disease, and oncology is vital for optimal outcomes.
Keywords:
Bacillus cereusCPX-351acute myeloid leukemiabrain abscessimmunocompromised patients

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