Closing the knowledge-practice gap in veterinary antimicrobial stewardship: why competency-based continuing...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health, livestock productivity, and food systems. Veterinary professionals play a central role in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), yet growing evidence suggests that knowledge of AMR does not consistently translate into responsible antimicrobial use (AMU) in veterinary practice. One major limitation of existing training approaches is their emphasis on knowledge dissemination rather than the development of applied competencies required for stewardship decision-making. In this perspective, we argue that veterinary antimicrobial stewardship requires a shift from knowledge-oriented training to competency-based professional development. Drawing on experiences from Zambia's poultry sector and emerging global frameworks in competency-based veterinary education, we propose a conceptual framework illustrating how competency-based continuing professional development (CPD) can bridge the knowledge-practice gap in veterinary antimicrobial stewardship. We further present a structured competency translation model for designing stewardship-oriented CPD programs tailored to veterinary professionals working in resource-constrained livestock systems. Strengthening competencies in clinical decision-making, diagnostic stewardship, disease prevention, responsible antimicrobial prescribing, farmer communication, and regulatory compliance may represent a critical strategy for improving antimicrobial stewardship within veterinary service systems. This perspective highlights the importance of competency-based workforce development as a key component of national AMR action plans and broader One Health strategies.