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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

Why are long-lived plasma cells long-lived?

Julia Grace Reinke1, Christopher Schorr2,3, Kelvin Paul Lee4

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) ensure lasting immunity by producing antibodies continuously. Their survival depends on specialized bone marrow niches and CD28 receptor interactions, crucial for vaccination and autoimmune disease research.

Keywords:
humoral immunitymetabolismmultiple myelomanicheplasma cellsurvival

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Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle
15:57

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) are essential for sustained humoral immunity, differentiating from B cells to produce antibodies for decades.
  • Unlike short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) or memory B cells (MBCs), LLPCs provide continuous antibody production independent of antigen stimulation.
  • Understanding LLPC differentiation and survival is critical for developing effective vaccines and treating antibody-mediated diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the factors driving B cell differentiation into LLPCs versus SLPCs and MBCs.
  • To investigate the metabolic differences and niche dependencies that regulate LLPC longevity.
  • To explore the role of CD28-mediated signaling in LLPC survival and function.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gene and metabolic profiles between LLPCs and SLPCs.
  • Investigation of LLPC interactions within specialized bone marrow niches.
  • Functional studies on CD28 receptor activation and its impact on LLPC metabolism and survival.

Main Results:

  • LLPCs exhibit distinct metabolic profiles from SLPCs, characterized by increased substrate uptake, mitochondrial activity, and lipophagy.
  • LLPC longevity is critically dependent on interactions with specific niches, particularly CD28 receptor activation by dendritic cells.
  • CD28 signaling augments LLPC metabolism, enhancing lipophagy, fatty acid availability, and mitochondrial function, which are vital for their survival.

Conclusions:

  • LLPC survival and function are regulated by niche-derived signals, notably CD28 activation, which enhances their metabolic capacity.
  • These findings highlight the importance of metabolic adaptation and niche interactions in maintaining long-term humoral immunity.
  • Insights into LLPC biology have significant implications for improving vaccine design and managing autoimmune diseases and plasma cell malignancies.