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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

Facial Asymmetry Evaluation Post Mandibular Reconstruction Using Whole Versus Segmented Mandibular In-House 3D Model

Kristaninta Bangun^1,2, Gammaditya Adhibarata Winarno^1,2, Parintosa Atmodiwirjo^1,2

¹Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|May 25, 2026

Summary

The segmented mandible model showed slightly better facial symmetry in reconstruction, though not statistically significant. Both whole-mandible and segmented models are reliable for free fibular flap reconstruction.

Keywords:

3D printing facial asymmetry free fibular flap mandibular reconstruction virtual surgical planning

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Area of Science:

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Biomedical Engineering
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers patient-specific models to enhance surgical precision in mandibular reconstruction.
This study compares whole-mandible versus segmented mandible 3D-printed models for guiding free fibular flap (FFF) reconstruction.
The goal is to achieve symmetrical facial outcomes after complex mandibular defects.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare clinical and radiologic facial asymmetry after mandibular reconstruction using FFF.
Evaluate outcomes guided by in-house 3D-printed whole-mandible versus segmented mandible surgical guides.
Assess the efficacy of different 3D model types in achieving facial symmetry.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled trial involving patients undergoing segmental mandibular reconstruction with FFF.
Patients were randomized to reconstruction guided by either whole-mandible or segmented mandible 3D-printed models.
Facial asymmetry was quantified using standardized photographs and radiographs at 1 month post-surgery.

Main Results:

36 patients were randomized; 34 completed the study.
The segmented mandible group showed a trend towards lower facial asymmetry indices, but differences were not statistically significant.
Both clinical and radiologic evaluations revealed no significant differences in asymmetry between the two groups.

Conclusions:

The segmented mandible model demonstrated slightly better, though not statistically significant, outcomes in reducing facial asymmetry.
The whole-mandible model proved reliable, especially when intraoperative modifications were necessary.
Further research into virtual surgical planning is recommended for cost-effectiveness analysis.