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A Guide to Concentration Alternating Frequency Response Analysis of Fuel Cells
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Isolating Coupled Effects by Interface Editing of Intermetallic Heterostructures for Fuel Cells.

Xuan Huang1, Haoran Sun2, Zhiyao Liang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Strain effects in palladium-based heterostructured nanomaterials significantly boost catalytic performance for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). This research introduces a new synthesis method for precisely engineered interfaces, advancing catalysis and energy conversion.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Catalysis
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Heterostructured nanomaterials (i-HS) offer enhanced catalytic properties due to interface interactions.
  • Understanding the specific contributions of ligand and strain effects in i-HS remains challenging due to fabrication limitations.
  • Developing model systems to isolate these coupled effects is crucial for rational design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a programmable synthesis strategy for intermetallic heterostructures (i-HS) with controlled interfaces.
  • To systematically investigate the distinct roles of ligand and strain effects on catalytic activity.
  • To optimize i-HS for high-performance anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs).

Main Methods:

  • An interdiffusion-controlled atomic replacement strategy was employed to synthesize two distinct i-HS systems: Janus hexagonal nanoplatelets (JHPs) and core-crown hexagonal nanoplatelets (CHPs).
  • The PdTe||PdBi JHPs system was designed to isolate ligand effects with a coherent heterointerface.
  • The Pd20Te7||PdBi CHPs system was engineered with lattice distortion to explore strain effects.
  • Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity was systematically analyzed for both systems.
  • The best-performing CHP material was fabricated into a membrane electrode assembly for AEMFC testing.

Main Results:

  • Both JHPs and CHPs exhibited volcano-shaped activity trends in ORR.
  • The Pd20Te7||PdBi CHPs with 31 at.% Bi loading and 4.1% lattice mismatching showed superior catalytic performance compared to JHPs with 62 at.% Bi loading.
  • This indicates that strain effects provide a more significant enhancement than ligand effects for optimizing catalysis.
  • The optimized CHP-based AEMFC achieved a peak power density of 1.37 W cm⁻² and a specific power of 27.4 W mgPd⁻¹, surpassing current state-of-the-art.
  • Exceptional long-term durability was demonstrated with negligible power loss after 100 hours of operation.

Conclusions:

  • Strain effects play a dominant role in enhancing catalytic activity in these intermetallic heterostructures.
  • The developed programmable synthesis platform enables precise interface engineering for i-HS.
  • This work provides critical insights for designing advanced heterostructure systems for catalysis and energy conversion technologies, particularly in AEMFCs.