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Formal Verification of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms Using Event-B
Atul Gupta1, Divakar Yadav2, Raghuraj Singh Suryavanshi3
1Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, AKTU; atul.gupta@psit.ac.in.
Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|May 25, 2026
Summary
This study introduces a formal verification framework for blockchain consensus mechanisms and smart contracts. Machine-checked proofs ensure enhanced correctness and robustness for blockchain systems.
Area of Science:
- Computer Science
- Formal Methods
- Blockchain Technology
Background:
- Current blockchain verification relies on simulation or isolated contract validation.
- Formal methods offer rigorous assurance but are complex to apply to blockchain protocols.
Purpose of the Study:
- Develop a formally grounded verification framework for blockchain consensus and smart contracts.
- Integrate Finite State Machine (FSM) abstraction, invariant-driven proof, and temporal logic verification.
Main Methods:
- Abstracted Solidity smart contracts into FSMs and encoded them as Event-B machines.
- Verified safety properties (e.g., transaction uniqueness, ledger invariants) using Rodin.
- Validated liveness properties (e.g., deadlock freedom) via model checking.
Main Results:
- Generated 312 proof obligations; 92% were automatically discharged.
- Achieved complete invariant coverage with machine-checked proofs.
- Demonstrated deadlock freedom and correct validator selection in Proof of Stake.
Conclusions:
- Formal verification provides verifiable correctness guarantees beyond simulation.
- The framework establishes a rigorous and reproducible pipeline for blockchain systems.
- Enhances correctness assurance and protocol-level robustness in blockchain technology.
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