The Aging Esophagus: Contraction Reserve on High-Resolution Manometry Declines With Age

Esophageal symptoms are common among elderly patients, although evidence on age-related esophageal dysfunction remains inconsistent. Esophageal contraction reserve measured by response to multiple rapid swallows (MRS) on high-resolution manometry (HRM) provides additional insights beyond conventional HRM metrics. We aimed to evaluate the impact of age on esophageal contraction reserve among symptomatic adults.

Adults with esophageal symptoms undergoing HRM and pH-impedance monitoring off acid suppression were included. Patients with prior foregut surgery or major peristaltic disorder were excluded. MRS response was assessed by the ratio of post-MRS distal contractile integral (DCI) to mean DCI from single water swallows, with a ratio > 1 defining a positive response (MRS+).

Among 619 patients (mean 56.5 years, 59.1% female), 372 patients (60.1%) exhibited intact contraction reserve. MRS+ patients were younger (54.3 ± 15.7 vs. 59.8 ± 12.5 years, p < 0.0001) and MRS+ prevalence declined with advancing age groups (< 35 years: 78.8%; 35-50 years: 65.4%; 50-65 years: 59.6%; > 65 years: 51.7%, p-trend = 0.0008). On multivariable logistic regression, age negatively predicted MRS+ (OR: 0.97, CI: 0.96-0.99, p = 0.0004), after adjusting for potential confounders. In separate models constructed with categorized age groups, age > 65 years independently correlated with less MRS+ compared to all younger groups: Age < 35 (OR: 0.23, CI: 0.10-0.53, p = 0.0005), age 35-50 (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31-0.98, p = 0.045), and age 50-65 (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.90, p = 0.017).

Esophageal contraction reserve measured by MRS during HRM declines with advancing age. Age-related loss of contractile adaptability may contribute to esophageal dysfunction and unexplained symptoms in older adults. Provocative testing with MRS on HRM provides value in evaluating symptomatic elderly patients.