Suffering at the end of life in the intensive care unit: a scoping review protocol

This scoping review, conducted using a concept analysis framework, aims to synthesize the most robust evidence regarding suffering at the end of life (EOL), encompassing its attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents in nursing and other fields.

Suffering is a significant phenomenon during the EOL, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU). Suffering at the EOL cannot always be well treated or managed. Since various definitions of suffering exist, managing suffering among patients at the EOL in the ICU is complex. Thus, to manage suffering properly in an ICU setting, it is necessary to identify meaningful and suitable attributes.

This review will consider studies that address the concept of suffering at the EOL, particularly in the ICU setting. A search of gray literature will include, but not be limited to, expert opinions, clinical guidelines, dissertations and theses, editorial articles, and reports on policies and strategies in use by professional bodies or organizations.

This scoping review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, and concept analysis will be performed using the Avant and Walker framework to map the literature. Nine academic electronic databases will be searched for studies employing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods study designs. Articles published in any language from database inception to the present will be included. Two or more reviewers will independently complete title and abstract screening prior to full-text review and data extraction. The Avant and Walker concept analysis framework will be used to map antecedents, attributes, consequences, and referents. Specific tools will also be employed for bibliometric analysis, contextual analysis, and data visualization.

OSF https://osf.io/7xzq6/overview.